(前言)
變異型心絞痛(Prinzmetal’s angina)是一種在沒有活動或是在睡眠時所發生的胸痛。致病機轉是冠狀動脈痙攣,常發生在年輕女性,占所有心絞痛約2~10%。吸煙、高胰島素血症、胰島素抵抗是其重要危險因素(Prinzmetal angina is a syndrome typically consisting of chest pain at rest that occurs in cycles. It is caused by vasospasm. It occurs more in younger women)。
(發病機制)
在無任何使心肌耗氧量增加的誘因下,出現冠狀動脈痙攣,動脈直徑縮小導致心肌缺血是本病最主要的原因。臨床發現:
- 在冠狀動脈造影下,一位看似正常的變異型心絞痛患者,冠脈內超聲檢查卻有時可見血管痙攣處有動脈粥樣硬化斑塊。
- 變異型心絞痛患者,冠狀動脈張力是增高的,且血管平滑肌對血管收縮物質乙醯膽鹼(Ach)的反應增強。正常安靜情況下,副交感神經張力支配緣故,Ach釋放,引起正常的冠狀動脈血管平滑肌收縮,同時Ach可促進血管內皮細胞產生NO,但NO擴張冠狀動脈效應大於收縮血管效應(Acetylcholine is normally released by the parasympathetic nervous system at rest, and causes dilation of the coronary arteries),因此淨結果是血管擴張;變異型心絞痛患者,血管內皮損傷後,一氧化氮合成酶缺陷,引起冠狀動脈平滑肌對NO生物利用度下降,引起冠狀動脈血管收縮(vasospastic angina is associated with enhanced contractility of coronary vascular smooth muscle due to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability caused by a defect in the endothelial nitric oxide synthethase enzyme which leads to endothelial function abnormalities)
- Thromboxane在變異型心絞痛患者也扮演一個重要角色。研究指出,脂蛋白與纖溶酶原競爭,干擾纖溶系統,引起血漿纖維蛋白濃度升高,造成血栓形成而致冠狀動脈痙攣(Lipoprotein(a) interferes with fibrinolysis by competing with plasminogen. The impaired fibrinolysis triggers thrombus formation, which also results in coronary vasospasm in variant angina),而纖維蛋白濃度高峰以午夜和淩晨最明顯,與心肌缺血發作時間頗為一致。
(臨床表現)
- 發病年齡較輕,且多數無冠心病易患因素;
- 心絞痛多發生於休息或一般日常生活時,而非運動時(Symptoms typically occur at rest, rather than on exertion),與心肌耗氧量增加無明顯關係;
- 胸痛發作幾乎在每天的同一時間發生,尤以午夜~早晨多見,有時睡夢中痛醒,通常非常嚴重;舌下含NTG或Ca2+可迅速緩解症狀;
- 運動試驗常為陰性(in the absence of a positive treadmill stress test)。
- 在無心肌缺血時,心臟理學檢查通常是正常的;當CAG檢查發生自發性胸痛發作和ST段抬高時,則可見到冠狀動脈局部痙攣,症狀消失時抬高的ST段又恢復正常。當然,持久而嚴重的痙攣可引發急性心肌梗死。
(診斷)
一般症狀發作頻繁時,Holter檢測有助於診斷;當症狀發作時不伴有心電圖ST segment elevation,可採取acetylcholine誘發冠脈痙攣來幫助診斷。確診依據是以症狀發作時伴有心電圖ST segment elevation,CAG提示冠狀動脈正常或只有輕微的非梗阻性斑塊,術中可誘發局部冠狀動脈痙攣(The gold standard is coronary angiography with injection of provocative agents into the coronary artery)
(治療)
一般變異型心絞痛以硝酸脂類或鈣離子拮抗劑(nitrates and calcium channel blockers)來治療,而禁用β受體拮抗劑。