梅克爾憩室(Meckls diverticulum)是回腸遠端憩室(diverticulum of distal ileum),它是先天性胃腸道畸形中最常見一型(A Meckels diverticulum is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct or yolk stalk), and is the most frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract),發生率約2%。在1809年Meckel首先觀察發現,在胚胎發育過程中,卵黃管退化不全所形成的一種疾病。
胚胎4週前,中腸與卵黃囊還是分離的;4週起,透過卵黃管,將中腸與卵黃囊相連;在第2個月末,卵黃管閉鎖,萎縮為纖維帶,最後消失。若胚胎發育過程中出現卵黃管臍端閉合消失,但回腸端未閉合,與回腸相通,則形成梅克爾憩室(It is a remnant of the connection from the yolk-sac to the small intestine present during embryonic development)。典型梅克爾憩室常約3~5cm,大多數位於遠端回腸腸系膜對側緣,距迴盲瓣約60~100cm(相當於2feet)的範圍(Meckels diverticulum is located in the distal ileum and runs antimesenterically, usually within about 60~100 cm of the ileocecal valve),血液供應來自腸系膜上動脈之單獨分支( its own blood supply)。
梅克爾憩室屬真性憩室(a true congenital diverticulum),具有與腸壁同樣的組織層次,其黏膜90%為回腸型。一半以上可出現異位黏膜組織,易出現在憩室開口處,以含有壁細胞的胃黏膜組織最常見,其次是胰腺組織,可發生潰瘍、出血、穿孔。
臨床上多無症狀,往往出現併發症就診時才發現。有症狀者多見2歲以下,男性:女性=2:1,以無痛性血便最為常見,一般無前驅症狀(bleeding occurs without warning and stops spontaneously),之後可以表現腸梗阻、腸扭轉、腸套疊(The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception);容易併發畸形,包括臍膨出、腸旋轉不良、異位胰腺、先天性心臟病等,發生率約8%。
(1)腸梗阻 :是最常見併發症,表現為突發腹絞痛,伴惡心、嘔吐、腹脹、腹部壓痛。其中以腸套疊因素引起的腸梗阻最多見,其餘包括腸扭轉、腸沾黏、嵌塞性腹股溝疝氣、憩室內結石。
(2)消化道潰瘍、出血: 出血是最常見併發症,約占所有併發症25~50%,主要由於含有壁細胞的異位胃黏膜所分泌的胃酸所造成的。一般無前驅症狀,出血量多時出現黑便、鮮血便,但無明顯腹痛;有腹痛者,多位於上腹部及臍周圍,且潰瘍比一般消化道潰瘍來的重。
(3)急性憩室炎:約佔所有併發症的10~20%。當出現腸梗阻症狀,加上腹痛的壓痛點在McBurney point上方偏內側時應考慮本病。
(4)憩室破裂。
(1)2% of the population
(2)2 feet (from the ileocecal valve)
(3)2 inches (in length)
(4)2% are symptomatic
(5)2 types of common ectopic gastric and pancreatic tissue
(6)2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation
(7)2 times more boys are affected