視網膜是內襯在眼球後壁的感覺組織層,感受光影與色彩,好像照相機的底片一樣 ( retina is a thin layer of light sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. The optical system of the eye focuses light on the retina much like light is focused on the film in a camera ) ,我們平常所稱的視網膜是指感覺層視網膜,它正常時是與視網膜色素上皮緊密黏貼,這兩層組織大部分靠脈絡膜供給其營養。
視網膜剝離 (retinal detachment) 屬眼科急症之一, 是視網膜的神經感覺層 (sensory retina) 與色素上皮層 (pigment epithelium) 之間被積液所分開 ( retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue ) ,感覺層視網膜就會失去營養供應而發生功能退化。其發生率約 1/20,000 ,在中老年齡 ( middle-aged or elderly population ) 發生率更高達 1/5,000 ,一般人罹患風險 ( lifetime risk ) 是 1/300 。在病初,患者眼睛會感到閃光 (flushing light) 及漂浮物 (floaters) 症狀 ,若未及時治療,視網膜完全剝離後,出現視野缺損 ( vision loss ) ,甚至失明的危險 ( Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a medical emergency) 。
一般正常人視網膜剝離的發生率約 1/20,000 ,中老年人 ( middle-aged or elderly population ) 發生率更高達 1/5,000 。一般人罹患風險 ( lifetime risk ) 是 1/300( The risk of retinal detachment in otherwise normal eyes is around 5 in 100,000 per year. Detachment is more frequent in the middle-aged or elderly population with rates of around 20 in 100,000 per year. The lifetime risk in normal individuals is about 1 in 300) 。 裂孔性視網膜剝離之病患中有 40~60 %是近視眼者 ,然而,高度近視 ( severe myopia , above 5~6 diopters) 患者罹患視網膜剝離的罹患風險上升至 1/20 。白內障手術摘除水晶體患者罹患視網膜剝離的頻率也增加了,其預估風險是 5/1,000~16/1,000 ;視網膜剝離常發生在單眼,但 15% 患者累及雙眼,合併白內障者,造成雙眼視網膜剝離風險增加至 25~30%( Retinal detachment can occur more frequently after surgery for cataracts. The estimated risk of retinal detachment after cataract surgery is 5 to 16 per 1000 cataract operations . Although retinal detachment usually occurs in one eye, there is a 15% chance of developing it in the other eye, and this risk increases to 25~30% in patients who have had cataracts extracted from both eyes) 。
發生視網膜剝離的危險因素有: (1) 既往曾經有過視網膜剝離患者 ( have previously experienced a detachment ) ; (2) 高度近視 ( severe myopia ) ; (3) 視網膜剝離家族史者 ( a family history of retinal detachments ) ; (4) 曾白內障手術 ( Cataract surgery ) :白內障手術之後,常由於玻璃體液化而發生牽引現象,睫狀肌所分泌的房水經由裂孔進入視網膜下方 (subretinal space) 而造成視網膜剝離; (5) 曾經眼球或頭部受過 ( injury or trauma to the eye or head ) 劇烈撞擊; (6) 眼內炎症者,如葡萄膜炎、 後鞏膜 炎 ; (7) 周邊視網膜之柵狀變性 (lattice degeneratian) ; (8) 瀰漫性脈絡膜視網膜萎縮 ( diffuse chorioretinal atrophy) ; (9) 玻璃體變性和玻璃體剝離 (PVD) 。
根據發生原因,視網膜剝離可分成三種,即裂孔性視網膜剝離 ( Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment , RRD) 、滲出性視網膜剝離 ( secondary retinal detachment or exudative retial detachment , ERD) 、牽引性視網膜剝離 (traction retinal detachment , TRD) 。
(註)良性周邊視網膜退變 (degeneration) 不會出現視網膜破孔,包括微細囊狀變性 (microcystoid) 、雪花狀變性 (snowflakes) 、網狀變性 (honeycomb) 、大理石狀變性 (pavingstone) 、膠狀體變性 (drusen) 、齒狀變性 (oral) ; 病態周邊視網膜退變,如格子狀變性(lattic)、蝸牛痕變性(snailtrait),有 18% 患者可以合併視網膜萎縮性孔 (atrophic hole) ,容易造成視網膜剝離。
視網膜剝離範圍可以緩慢擴大,也可在短時間內迅速進展,緩慢 發生時不痛不癢,但可以出現 3 個主要的前驅症狀:
因此,有上述各種症狀的人最好趕快找眼科醫師 ( Contact your GP immediately if you get any of these warning signs ) ,散瞳後徹底檢查眼底。 一旦視網膜剝離超過一定程度,會出現視野缺損、眼前有黑幕 (black curtain) 等 症狀。所幸, 80% 以上裂孔發生在周邊部,但 有時視網膜裂孔會發生於黃斑部位置,往往會有大範圍視網膜剝離而 產生色調或形體改變 ( suddenly appear curved , positive Amsler grid test ) 及 嚴重影響視力 ( central visual loss) ,且多半發生在老年人或有高度近視者。
視網膜剝離檢查包括:直接眼底鏡檢查(Direct Ophthalmoscopy,3-mirror scopy)、間接眼底鏡檢查(Indirect Ophthalmoscopy,90-diopter lens examination)。
滲出性視網膜剝離可採雷射光凝固、透鞏膜光凝、電燒、冷凍凝固 (cryopexy) 療法來治療 ,可促使視網膜裂孔周圍形成瘢痕組織以閉合裂孔 ( Laser or freezing treatment is used to scar the tissue around the retina, which creates a seal between the retina and the wall of the eye and closes up the tear or hole) 。
裂孔性或牽引性視網膜剝離 治療都是相當精密而複雜的手術,所以一定要找受過視網膜專科訓練的眼科醫師治療。早期發現而手術成功率在 75% 以上, 其處理方法有鞏膜扣壓術 (scleral buckling) 、玻璃體切除術 (vitrectomy) 、 氣體網膜固定術 (pneumatic retinopexy) , 使視網膜回復原位。
1 、 鞏膜扣帶術: 在眼後部的外部附著一條細小的扣帶,在眼壁上施加很小的力,使眼壁緊貼脫離的視網膜。 目的是減輕玻璃體對視網膜的牽引 。
(1) 鞏膜外加壓術: 扣帶 ( Bands) 多選擇 silicone rubber or sponge , 適用在較大的馬蹄形裂孔 (horseshoe tear) 、數目多的小圓形裂孔 (round holes) 和鋸齒緣離斷 (retinal dialysis)(S cleral buckling is the preferred way of re-attaching the retina if it has a tear or hole in it) 。
(2) 鞏膜環扣術:多用在 多發性視網膜裂孔超過兩個象限、視網膜脫離合并嚴重的增殖性玻璃體視網膜病變、巨大裂孔性視網膜脫離、視網膜脫離尚未發現裂孔。
2 、 玻璃體切除 術: 在玻璃體平坦部(pars plana)上切一個細小切口, 移除玻璃體以及結痂組織,隨後置換 gas bubble (SF 6 or C 3 F 8 gas) or Silicon oil (PDMS) 進 入 ,使視網膜緊貼眼壁 ( Vitrectomy works by removing the fluid from the inside of the eye and replacing it with either a gas or silicone bubble. This holds the retina in position from the inside ) 。 Silicon oil 常用在合併增殖性玻璃體視網膜病變者 ( Silicon oil is more commonly used in cases associated with proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR)) 。
3 、 氣體網膜固定術 ( Pneumatic retinopexy ) : 將 可膨脹 氣體或矽油充填到玻璃體腔 ,幾天內氣泡慢慢膨脹,使視網膜重新附著在眼壁 ( A bubble of expandable gas is injected.Over several days, the gas bubble expands, eventually causing the retina to reattach itself to the wall of the eye) ,此法 適用糖尿病玻璃體視網膜病變及黃斑部裂 孔。
手術後有 15% 有時需要 2 次以上手術 ( 85 percent of cases will be successfully treated with one operation with the remaining 15 percent requiring 2 or more operations ) 。手術後 2~4 週內要避免劇烈運動,如 Bungee jumping 、 Skydiving 、 Defecation 、 Space travel 、 Weightlifting 、 Roller coasters ,也 避免過度疲勞及 不要提重物。一般周邊部視網膜剝離者,有 50% 以上可以回復原先視力。
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