心臟有二層膜包覆,兩層膜之間稱作心包腔,正常情況下呈負壓,且包含20~30ml的液體,主要起潤滑作用,以減少心臟在跳動時的摩擦。當心包內積液速度過快,如外傷或心臟破裂(trauma or myocardial rupture),只要100ml積液量,或緩慢多量積液到一定程度,如甲狀腺機能低下(hypothyroidism)時,心包腔內壓就會竄升,從而引發一系列血流動力學紊亂,稱為心包填塞(cardiac tamponade)。
過去病因為風濕熱或結核病多見;近年來,甲狀腺機能低下(hypothyroidism)、感染、腫瘤、心肌梗死性心包炎、心臟手術之醫原性創傷因素或外力創傷(iatrogenic trauma or physical trauma)、心肌梗塞後心臟破裂(myocardial rupture)等情況多見;心肌梗塞後心臟破裂雖少見,但容易發生在首次心肌梗塞後,未能迅速予PCI或CABG讓血管再通,或未能及時溶栓治療的老年患者(happened in elderly individuals without any previous cardiac history who suffer from their first heart attack and are not revascularized either with thrombolytic therapy or with percutaneous coronary intervention or with coronary artery bypass graft surgery)。至於心臟手術後所出現心包填塞症狀則好發在手術後24~48小時內,多因引流管堵塞,血水堆積在心包腔所致(When a chest tube becomes occluded or clogged, the blood can accumulate around the heart, leading to tamponade)。
心臟有二層膜包覆,外層心包是一種纖維組織,不易伸展(stretch),當少量心包積液時,不致引起心包內壓迅速升高,對血流動力學影響不大;但如心包內液體迅速增多,心包內壓急驟上升,可引起心臟受壓,導致心室舒張期充盈受阻,並造成周圍靜脈壓升高,靜脈淤血,最後心輸出量降低,血壓下降,引起心包填塞臨床表現(If fluid continues to accumulate, then with each successive diastolic period, less and less blood enters the ventricles, as the increasing pressure presses on the heart and forces the septum to bend into the left ventricle, leading to decreased stroke volume)
心包填塞包括以下臨床表現:
實驗室檢查:
治療原則包括儘早清除積液以解除心臟壓迫。一般而言,急性心包積液在100ml即可出現填塞症狀,故在緊急狀況下可先作心包腔穿刺(pericardiocentesis)。心包斜竇是心包積液最多部位,在超音波引導下,在劍突與左肋弓緣交界處進針或左第5 肋間之心濁音界內側1~2 cm處進針(the insertion of a needle through the skin and into the pericardium and aspirating fluid under ultrasound guidance preferably. This can be done laterally through the intercostal spaces, usually the fifth, or as a subxiphoid approach)。然而,急性心包填塞,最有效治療方式是心包切開、引流,修補心臟出血或破損處(Following stabilization of the patient, surgery is provided to seal the source of the bleed and mend the pericardium)。其他輔助治療包括輸血、輸液擴充血液容量,積極的治療可以預防休克、心肌梗塞、心律不整、心臟衰竭、室壁瘤心臟破裂或血栓形成,提高存活率。(If aggressive treatment is offered immediately and no complications arise(ex. shock, AMI or arrhythmia, heart failure, aneurysm, embolism, or rupture)。